CHAPTER 1

 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Describe two recent trends in research in psychology that reflect a return to psychology's intellectual roots.
2. Explain why Western psychology has shown increased interest in cultural factors in recent years.
3. Summarize the basic tenets of evolutionary psychology.
4. List and describe seven major research areas in psychology.
5. List and describe four professional specialties in psychology.
6. Discuss the text's three organizing themes relating to psychology as a field of study.
7. Discuss the text's four organizing themes relating to psychology's subject matter.
8. Discuss three important considerations in designing a program to promote adequate studying.
9. Describe the SQ3R method.
10. Summarize advice provided on how to get more out of lectures.
11. Summarize advice provided on improving test-taking strategies.
12. Explain the nature of critical thinking skills and why they need to be taught.

CHAPTER 2 

1. Explain science's main assumption and describe the goals of the scientific enterprise in psychology.
2. Explain the relations between theory, hypotheses, and research.
3. Outline the steps in a scientific investigation.
4. Discuss the advantages of the scientific approach.
5. Describe the experimental method of research, explaining independent and dependent variables, experimental and control groups, and extraneous variables.
6. Explain the major advantages and disadvantages of the experimental method.
7. Explain how experimental and descriptive/correlational research are different.
8. Distinguish between positive and negative correlations and explain how the size of a correlation coefficient relates to the strength of an association.
9. Explain how correlations relate to prediction and causation.
10. Discuss three descriptive/correlational research methods.
11. Explain the major advantages and disadvantages of descriptive/correlational research.
12. Describe four common flaws in research (sampling bias, placebo effects, distortions in self-report, and experimenter bias).
13. Explain how this chapter highlighted two of the text’s unifying themes.  
14. Explain why anecdotal evidence is flawed and unreliable.

CHAPTER 3 

1. Describe the main functions of neurons and glial cells.
2. Describe the various parts of the neuron.
3. Describe the neural impulse.
4. Describe how neurons communicate at chemical synapses.
5. Discuss how acetylcholine, the monoamines, and endorphins are related to behavior.
6. Provide an overview of the organization of the nervous system.
7. Describe the brain imaging methods that are used to study brain structure and function.
8. Summarize the key structures and functions of the hindbrain and midbrain.
9. Summarize the key functions of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and limbic system.
10. Summarize the key functions of the four lobes in the cerebral cortex and discuss the plasticity of the brain.
11. Summarize evidence that led scientists to view the left hemisphere as the dominant hemisphere and describe how research on cerebral specialization changed this view.
12. Describe the structures and processes involved in genetic transmission.
13. Explain the special methods used to investigate the influence of heredity on behavior.
14. Explain the four key insights that represent the essence of Darwin’s theory of evolution.
15. Describe some subsequent refinements to evolutionary theory.

16. Explain how this chapter highlighted three of the text's unifying themes.

17. Outline four popular ideas linking cerebral specialization to cognitive processes and evaluate each of these in light of currently available evidence.
18. Explain how neuroscience research has been over-extrapolated by some education and child care advocates who have campaigned for infant schooling.

CHAPTER 4

     1.  List the three properties of light and the aspects of visual perception that they influence.

2.  Describe the role of the lens and pupil in the functioning of the eye.

3.  Describe the role of the retina in light sensitivity and in visual information processing.

4.  Describe the routing of signals from the eye to the brain and the brain's role in visual information processing.

5.  Discuss the trichromatic and opponent process theories of color vision, and the modern reconciliation of these theories.

6.  Explain the concept of feature analysis and distinguish between top-down processing and bottom-up processing.

7.  Explain the basic premise of Gestalt psychology and describe Gestalt principles of visual perception.

8.  Explain how form perception can be a matter of formulating perceptual hypotheses.

9.  Describe the monocular and binocular cues employed in depth perception and cultural variations in depth perception.

10.   Describe perceptual constancies and visual illusions, and discuss cultural variations in susceptibility to certain illusions.

11.   List the three properties of sound and the aspects of auditory perception that they influence.

12.   Summarize information on human hearing capacities and describe how sensory processing occurs in the ear.

13.   Compare and contrast the place and frequency theories of pitch perception and discuss the resolution of the debate.

14.   Describe the stimulus and receptors for taste and discuss factors that may influence perceived flavor.

15.   Describe the stimulus and receptors for smell.

16.   Describe the processes involved in the perception of tactile pressure and pain.

17.   Explain how this chapter highlighted three of the text's unifying themes.

18.   Discuss how the paintings shown in the Personal Application illustrate various principles of visual perception.

CHAPTER 5

1. Discuss the nature and evolution of consciousness, including its relation to brain activity.
2. Summarize what is known about the relationship of circadian rhythms to sleep.
3. Compare and contrast REM and NREM sleep.
4. Describe how the sleep cycle evolves through the night and how sleep patterns are related to age and culture.
5. Discuss the evolutionary bases of sleep.
6. Summarize evidence on the effects of sleep deprivation.
7. Discuss the nature of dreams and findings on dream content.
8. 10. Describe some cultural variations in beliefs about the nature and importance of dreams.
9. 11. Describe the three theories of dreaming covered in the chapter.
10. Discuss hypnotic induction and list some prominent effects of hypnosis.
11. Explain the role-playing and altered-state theories of hypnosis.
12. Summarize evidence on the short-term and long-term effects of meditation.
13. List and describe the major types of abused drugs and their effects.
14. Explain why drug effects vary and how psychoactive drugs exert their effects in the brain.
15. Summarize which drugs carry the greatest risk of tolerance, physical dependence, and psychological dependence.
16. Summarize evidence on the major health risks associated with drug abuse.
17. Explain how this chapter highlighted four of the text's unifying themes.
18. Summarize evidence on common questions about sleep and dreams, as discussed in the Personal Application.
19. Discuss the influence of definitions and how they are sometimes misused as explanations for the phenomena they describe.

CHAPTER 6 

1. Describe Pavlov's demonstration of classical conditioning and the key elements in this form of learning.
2. Discuss how classical conditioning may modulate everyday responses including physiological processes.
3. Describe the classical conditioning phenomena of acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, and higher-order conditioning.
4. Describe the processes of stimulus generalization and discrimination and summarize the classic study of Little Albert.
5. Describe Skinner's principle of reinforcement.
6. Describe the operant conditioning phenomena of acquisition, shaping, and extinction.
7. Explain how stimuli govern operant behavior and how generalization and discrimination occur in operant conditioning.
8. Discuss the distinction between primary and secondary reinforcers.
9. Identify various types of schedules of reinforcement and discuss their typical effects on responding.
10. Explain the distinction between positive and negative reinforcement.
11. Explain the role of negative reinforcement in avoidance behavior.
12. Describe punishment and its effects.
13. Discuss the implications of instinctive drift and conditioned taste aversion for traditional views of conditioning and learning.
14. Explain the evolutionary perspective on learning.
15. Discuss the nature and importance of observational learning.

16. Explain how this chapter highlighted two of the text’s unifying themes.
17. List and discuss the five steps in a self-modification program.
18. Describe how classical conditioning is used to manipulate emotions.

CHAPTER 7 

1. List and describe the three basic human memory processes (attention, storage, and retrieval).
2. Discuss the role of attention and levels of processing in encoding.
3. Discuss two techniques for enriching the encoding process.
4. Describe the role of the sensory store in memory.
5. Describe the characteristics of short-term memory and of working memory.
6. Discuss flashbulb memories and the idea that all memories are stored permanently in long-term memory.
7. Describe schemas and semantic networks and their role in long-term memory.
8. Describe how retrieval cues and context cues are related to retrieval.
9. Summarize evidence on the misinformation effect and discuss source-monitoring and its implications.
10. Explain how forgetting may be due to ineffective encoding.
11. Discuss how much decay, interference, and retrieval failure contribute to forgetting.
12. Summarize both sides of the repressed memories controversy.
13. Distinguish between two types of amnesia and identify the anatomical structures implicated in memory.
14. Summarize evidence on the biochemistry and neural circuitry underlying memory.

15.   Distinguish between implicit versus explicit memory and their relationship to declarative versus procedural memory.

16. Explain the distinction between episodic versus semantic memory.
17. Explain how this chapter highlighted the subjectivity of experience and the multifactorial causation of behavior.
18. Outline strategies by which everyday memory can be improved.
19. Explain how hindsight bias and overconfidence contribute to the frequent inaccuracy of eyewitness memory.

CHAPTER 8

 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Describe four common barriers to effective problem solving.
2. Describe a variety of general problem-solving strategies.
3. Discuss cultural variations in cognitive style as they relate to problem solving.
4. Explain the factors that individuals typically consider in risky decision-making.
5. Describe the availability and representativeness heuristics.
6. Describe common flaws in reasoning about decisions.
7. Explain evolutionary theorists’ evaluation of cognitive research on flaws in human decision strategies.
8. Explain the meaning of an individual's score on a modern intelligence test.
9. Discuss the reliability and validity of modern intelligence tests.
10. Discuss how well IQ scores predict vocational success.
11. Summarize evidence from twin studies and adoption studies on whether heredity affects intelligence and discuss the concept of heritability.
12. Summarize evidence from research on adoption, environmental deprivation or enrichment, and generational changes in IQ, showing how experience shapes intelligence.
13. Using the concept of reaction range, explain how heredity and the environment interact to affect intelligence.
14. Discuss proposed explanations for cultural differences in IQ scores.
15. Describe research on biological indexes of intelligence.
16. Describe Sternberg and Gardner's theories of intelligence.
17. Discuss how the chapter highlighted five of the text’s unifying themes.
18. Explain how appeals to ignorance and reification have cropped up in various debates about intelligence.

CHAPTER 9

1. Compare drive, incentive, and evolutionary approaches to understanding motivation.
2. Distinguish between the two major categories of motives found in humans.
3. Summarize evidence on the physiological factors implicated in the regulation of hunger.
4. Summarize evidence on how the availability of food, culture, learning, and stress influence hunger.
5. Outline the four phases of the human sexual response.
6. Discuss parental investment theory and findings on human gender differences in sexual activity.
7. Discuss evolutionary analyses of gender differences in mating preferences.
8. Summarize evidence on the of nature sexual orientation and on how common homosexuality is.
9. Summarize evidence on the determinants of sexual orientation.
10. Describe the achievement motive and discuss how individual differences in the need for achievement influence behavior.
11. Explain how situational factors affect achievement strivings.
12. Describe the cognitive component of emotion.
13. Describe the autonomic underpinnings of emotions.
14. Discuss the body language of emotions and the facial feedback hypothesis.
15. Discuss cross-cultural similarities and variations in emotional experience.
16. Explain how the chapter highlighted five of the text's unifying themes.
17. Summarize information on factors that do and do not predict happiness.
18. Explain four conclusions that can be drawn about the dynamics of happiness.
19. Describe the key elements in arguments.
20. Explain some common fallacies that often show up in arguments.

CHAPTER 10

1. Summarize research on infant-mother attachment, including cultural variations and evolutionary views.
2. Outline the development of human language during the childhood years.
3. Outline Piaget's stages of cognitive development and critique Piaget's theory.
4. Summarize evidence which suggests that some cognitive abilities could be innate.
5. Outline Kohlberg's stages of moral development and critique Kohlberg's theory.
6. Describe the major events of puberty and discuss the implications of early maturation.
7. Evaluate the assertion that adolescence is a time of turmoil.
8. Explain why the struggle for a sense of identity is particularly intense during adolescence and discuss some common patterns of identity formation.
9. Summarize evidence on the stability of personality and the prevalence of the midlife crisis.
10. Describe typical transitions in family relations during the adult years.
11. Describe the physical and cognitive changes associated with aging.
12. Explain how this chapter highlighted the text’s unifying theme about the importance of heredity and environment.
13. Summarize evidence on gender differences in behavior and discuss the significance of these differences.
14. Explain how biological and environmental factors contribute to existing gender differences.
15. Explain the argument that fathers are essential for healthy development and some criticism of this line of reasoning.

CHAPTER 11

1. Define the construct of personality in terms of consistency and distinctiveness.
2. Explain what is meant by a personality trait and describe the Big Five model of personality structure.
3. List and describe the three components into which Freud divided personality and his three levels of awareness.
4. Explain the preeminence of sexual and aggressive conflicts in Freud's theory and describe various defense mechanisms.
5. Outline Freud's psychosexual stages of development and their theorized relations to adult personality.
6. Summarize the revisions of Freud's theory proposed by Jung and Adler.
7. Summarize the strengths and weaknesses of the psychodynamic approach to personality.
8. Discuss how Skinner's operant conditioning can be applied to the understanding of personality.
9. Describe Bandura's contributions to personality theory.
10. Identify Mischel's major contribution to personality theory.
11. Summarize the strengths and weaknesses of the behavioral approach to personality.    
12. Describe Eysenck's biological theory of personality.
13. Summarize behavioral genetics research as it relates to the heritability of personality.
14. Discuss evolutionary analyses of personality.
15. Summarize the strengths and weaknesses of the biological approach to personality.
16. Summarize research on culture and personality.
17. Explain how this chapter highlighted three of the text’s unifying themes.
18. Describe self-report inventories and summarize their strengths and weaknesses.
19. Describe the projective tests and summarize their strengths and weaknesses.
20. Discuss how hindsight bias affects everyday analyses of personality and scientific theorizing about personality.

CHAPTER 12

1. Discuss the nature of stress and the importance of stress appraisals.
2. Describe frustration as a form of stress.
3. Identify the three basic types of conflict and discuss which types are most troublesome.
4. Summarize evidence on life change and pressure as forms of stress.
5. Identify some common emotional responses to stress and discuss the effects of emotional arousal.
6. Describe the three stages of the general adaptation syndrome.
7. Discuss the two major pathways along which the brain sends signals to the endocrine system in response to stress.
8. Evaluate giving up, blaming oneself, and aggression as behavioral responses to stress.
9. Discuss indulging oneself, defensive coping, and constructive coping as mechanisms for dealing with stress.
10. Describe the evidence linking personality factors to coronary heart disease.
11. Summarize the evidence linking emotional reactions and depression to heart disease.
12. Discuss evidence linking stress to immune suppression and a variety of physical illnesses.
13. Discuss how social support and optimism moderate individual differences in stress tolerance.
14. Explain how this chapter highlighted two of the text’s unifying themes.
15. Summarize Albert Ellis's ideas about controlling one's emotions.
16. Discuss the coping value of humor and releasing pent-up emotions.
17. Discuss the adaptive value of managing hostility and forgiving others.
18. Discuss the coping value of relaxation and exercise.

CHAPTER 13

LEARNING OBJECTIVES 

1. Describe and evaluate the medical model of abnormal behavior.
2. Explain the most commonly used criteria of abnormality.
3. Describe the DSM-IV diagnostic system.
4. List five types of anxiety disorders and describe the symptoms associated with each.
5. Discuss the contribution of biological, cognitive, personality, conditioning, and stress factors to the etiology of anxiety disorders.
6. Describe the dissociative disorders and discuss their etiology.
7. Describe the two major mood disorders.
8. Explain how genetic and neurochemical factors may be related to the development of mood disorders.
9. Explain how cognitive factors, interpersonal factors, and stress may be related to the development of mood disorders.
10. Describe the general characteristics (symptoms) of schizophrenia.
11. Describe two classification systems for schizophrenic subtypes.
12. Explain how genetic vulnerability, neurochemical factors, and structural abnormalities in the brain may contribute to the etiology of schizophrenia.
13. Summarize evidence on how neurodevelopmental processes, family dynamics and stress may be related to the development of schizophrenia.
14. Discuss the effects of culture on pathology.
15. Explain how this chapter highlighted four of the text’s unifying themes.
16. Describe the symptoms and medical complications of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
17. Discuss the history, prevalence, and gender distribution of eating disorders. 
18. Discuss various etiological factors that may contribute to eating disorders.

CHAPTER 14

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Identify the three major categories of therapy and discuss who seeks therapy.
2. Describe the various types of mental health professionals involved in the provision of therapy.
3. Describe how group therapy is generally conducted.
4. Discuss evidence on the efficacy of insight therapies and the role of common factors.
5. Summarize the general principles underlying behavioral approaches to therapy.
6. Describe the goals and procedures of systematic desensitization, aversion therapy, and social skills training.
7. Discuss the logic, goals, and techniques of cognitive therapy.
8. Discuss evidence on the effectiveness of behavior therapies.
9. Discuss evidence on the effects and problems of drug treatments for psychological disorders.
10. Describe ECT and discuss its therapeutic effects and its risks.
11. Summarize the concerns that have been expressed about the impact of managed care on the treatment of psychological disorders.
12. Explain what is meant by empirically supported treatments.
13. Explain how this chapter highlighted two of the text’s unifying themes.
14. Discuss where to seek therapy, and the potential importance of a therapist's sex, theoretical approach, and professional background.
15. Summarize what one should look for in a prospective therapist and what one should expect out of therapy.
16. Explain how placebo effects and regression toward the mean can complicate the evaluation of therapy.

CHAPTER 15

LEARNING OBJECTIVES 

1. Describe how physical appearance may influence our impressions of others.
2. Explain how schemas, stereotypes, and other factors contribute to subjectivity in person perception.
3. Explain the evolutionary perspective on bias in person perception.
4. Describe the distinction between internal and external attributions and summarize Weiner's theory of attribution.
5. Describe several types of attributional bias and cultural differences in attributional tendencies.
6. Summarize evidence on how physical attractiveness, similarity, reciprocity, and romantic ideals influence attraction.
7. Describe efforts to analyze love into types and components.
8. Discuss the evidence on love as a form of attachment.

9.       Discuss cross-cultural research on romantic relationships and evolutionary analyses of mating patterns.

10. Describe the components and dimensions of attitudes.
11. Summarize evidence on how source, message, and receiver factors influence persuasion.
12. Explain how cognitive dissonance can account for attitude change.
13. Relate learning theory and the elaboration likelihood model to attitude change.
14. Describe Asch's work on conformity.
15. Describe Milgram's study on obedience to authority and the ensuing controversy.
16. Discuss cultural variations in conformity and obedience.
17. Discuss the nature of groups and the bystander effect.
18. Summarize evidence on group productivity and group decision making.
19. Explain how this chapter highlighted three of the text’s unifying themes.
20. Relate person perception and attributional bias to prejudice.
21. Relate principles of attitude formation and group processes to prejudice.
22. Discuss some useful criteria for evaluating credibility and some standard social influence strategies.